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OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the influenza vaccination trend of hospitalized elderly people (≥ 60 years old) in Beijing from 2013 to 2019.@*METHODS@#The influenza vaccination status and hospitalization information of elderly people were extracted from the Beijing Elderly Influenza Vaccination database (2013-2019) and the Beijing Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance database (2013-2019), se-parately. The influenza vaccine coverage rates and annual percentage change were calculated to compare the vaccination trends of elderly people hospitalized due to different diseases. The subjects in 2018-2019 influenza season were divided into different groups according to demographic status, health conditions and hospitalization outcomes to describe and compare the distribution of influenza vaccination rates.@*RESULTS@#The influenza vaccine coverage rates among the elderly people hospitalized due to cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory diseases or diabetes mellitus were 14.6%, 13.4%, 13.4% and 11.8%, respectively. The influenza vaccination rate among those hospitalized for cardiovascular diseases remained the highest across six influenza seasons and those hospitalized for diabetes mellitus remained the lowest. The largest annual decline of influenza vaccine coverage rate was observed among the hospitalized elderly due to diabetes mellitus (-7.85%). The distribution of vaccinated population was significantly associated with age, gender, hospitalization outcome and comorbidities among the hospitalized elderly people with specific diseases in 2018-2019. Among the elderly people hospitalized due to four different diseases, the vaccination rate of the patients aged 70-79 years was higher than that of the other age groups and that of the patients aged 60-69 years was the lowest. Among the elderly people hospitalized due to respiratory diseases, the vaccination rate of men was higher than that of women, while the situation reversed among the elderly people hospitalized due to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Vaccination rates decreased among the older adults with poor hospitalization outcomes. Among the elderly people hospitalized due to diabetes mellitus, those with 0 comorbidity had the lowest vaccination rate (7.9%).@*CONCLUSION@#The trend of influenza vaccine coverage rates among the elderly people in Beijing from 2013 to 2019 was downward. We should pay more attention to influenza vaccination in elderly people with diabetes mellitus and aged 60-69 years, and carry out more research on the protective effects of influenza vaccine to promote influenza vaccine coverage among people with chronic diseases.
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Beijing , Cardiovascular Diseases , Hospitalization , Influenza Vaccines , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , VaccinationABSTRACT
As the first country that has been certified malaria-free in the WHO Western Pacific Region for more than 3 decades, China should share its successful experiences of malaria control and provide globally recognized anti-malaria products by making full uses of its advantages in provision and production capacity of artemisinin raw materials, to fill the gaps of international demands for mosquito nets, rapid diagnostic reagents and antimalarial compounds. Increasing the investment of research and development of antimalarial products, building overseas bases for artemisinin raw material production, establishing international regulatory authority and promoting the local production of antimalarial products are needed to further promote the internationalization of Chinese antimalarial products, so as to achieve the equity and accessibility of Chinese antimalarial products in highburden regions for malaria.
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Objective:To better understand the economic burden of patients with epilepsy receiving outpatient services in China and to analyze potential factors influencing epileptic economic burden through a cross-sectional study.Methods:Using a self-designed questionnaire, we collected information retrospectively from 754 patients with epilepsy evaluated in neurology clinics in Shanghai Municipality, Shanxi Province and Sichuan Province. Descriptive analyses were used after cost variables were presented as logarithms, and multiple linear regressions were performed to explore influencing factors.Results:Fifty percent of the investigated patients experienced an epilepsy attack before the age of 15, and 51.3% had suffered from epilepsy for more than five years. In the past year, 87.9% of patients had visited different hospitals multiple times for evaluation (40.3%) and maintenance treatment (40.7%). The total economic burden of epilepsy was US$ 1 143.2. The average direct economic burden and indirect economic burden were US$ 939.0 and US$ 110.2, respectively. Multiple linear regressions showed that patients had to bear greater economic burden if they were hospitalized, using multiple antiepileptic drugs, experiencing illness for less than 5 years, in severe seizure index or active epilepsy with drug resistance, which was statistically significant. Totally only 14.3% of patients could get reimbursement in outpatient services.Conclusions:Patients with epilepsy must present to hospitals regularly for satisfactory prognosis, which results in economic burden. Patients bear greater economic burden, especially direct medical costs, if they are newly diagnosed, experience severe seizures, or undergo multiple drug treatments that require more frequent monitoring. However, current insurance policy for outpatient services do not help reduce economic burden of patients efficiently.
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Purpose To explore the change of right ventricular systolic function in hypertensive patients with or without left ventricular hypertrophy at different stages using four-dimensional right ventricular quantitative analysis (4D-RV-Volume). Materials and Methods Ninety-six cases of clinically diagnosed hypertension were divided into left ventricular mass index (LVMI) normal group (49 cases) and LVMI increased group (47 cases) according to LVMI, and 53 cases were chosen from healthy control group for echocardiography to check parameters of right ventricular systolic function such as right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), end-diastolic volume (RVEDV), end-systolic volume (RVESV), longitudinal strain rate of free wall (RVFLS), longitudinal strain rate of ventricular septum (RVSLS), fractional area change (RVFAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and the difference among groups were compared. Results Compared with control group, RVEF, RVFLS, and RFAFC in all hypertension groups decreased, the difference of which was statistically significant (P<0.05); compared with LVMI normal group, RVEF, RVFLS, TAPSE and RFAFC in LVMI increased group further decreased, the difference of which was statistically significance (P<0.05); RVEF was positively correlated with RFAFC (r=0.721, P<0.01); when RVEF was 46.5% (AUC=0.859, P<0.001), the diagnostic value was the highest with a sensitivity of 68.0%, and specificity of 85.7%. Conclusion Right ventricular systolic dysfunction exists in different periods of hypertension, and 4D-RV-Volume provides a new approach for early evaluation of right ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive patients.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on chronic total occlusion (OCT) by doubutamine stress echocardiography. Methods Forth-six CTO patients were categorized into the reopening group and failed-reopening group based on the results of PCI. All patients had undergoing low dose doubutamine stress echocardiography before PCI and at 6-month follow-up, measuring rest and stress wall motion score index (WMSI) with semi-quantitative method. Cardiac volumes and ejection fraction were measured with 3D full volume echocardiographic. Results The two groups showed no differences in general clinical data and all baseline echocardiography data before PCI. During follow-up, the reopening group was observed to have improvement in ejection fraction[(60.00±3.22)% vs.(62.65±3.58)%,P=0.017)],and WMSI in stress status[(1.42±0.37)vs.(1.32±0.36),P<0.001], compared with pre-PCI results. The reopening group showed improvement in ejection fraction[(62.65±3.58)% vs.(57.7±5.61)%,P=0.001)]and WMSI in stress status[(1.32±0.36)vs.(1.62±0.47),P<0.001)],when compared with the failed-reopening group. Conclusions Low dose doubutamine stress echocardiography can be nsed for evaluation of the eff ect of revascularization of CTO. The cardiac volumes and contractile function representing by wall motion in stress status were improved after recanalization of CTO.
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Objective: To better understand the economic burden of patients with epilepsy receiving outpatient services in China and to analyze potential factors influencing epileptic economic burden through a cross-sectional study. Methods: Using a self-designed questionnaire, we collected information retrospectively from 754 patients with epilepsy evaluated in neurology clinics in Shanghai Municipality, Shanxi Province and Sichuan Province. Descriptive analyses were used after cost variables were presented as logarithms, and multiple linear regressions were performed to explore influencing factors. Results: Fifty percent of the investigated patients experienced an epilepsy attack before the age of 15, and 51.3% had suffered from epilepsy for more than five years. In the past year, 87.9% of patients had visited different hospitals multiple times for evaluation (40.3%) and maintenance treatment (40.7%). The total economic burden of epilepsy was US$ 1 143.2. The average direct economic burden and indirect economic burden were US$ 939.0 and US$ 110.2, respectively. Multiple linear regressions showed that patients had to bear greater economic burden if they were hospitalized, using multiple antiepileptic drugs, experiencing illness for less than 5 years, in severe seizure index or active epilepsy with drug resistance, which was statistically significant. Totally only 14.3% of patients could get reimbursement in outpatient services. Conclusions: Patients with epilepsy must present to hospitals regularly for satisfactory prognosis, which results in economic burden. Patients bear greater economic burden, especially direct medical costs, if they are newly diagnosed, experience severe seizures, or undergo multiple drug treatments that require more frequent monitoring. However, current insurance policy for outpatient services do not help reduce economic burden of patients efficiently.
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Objective To understand healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in group burn/trauma patients,and explore its risk factors.Methods HAI occurred among 25 hospitalized patients with group burn/trauma during a bus deflagration event on May 12,2014 were monitored and analyzed.Results Of 25 burn/trauma patients,7 de-veloped 10 times of HAI,incidence and case incidence of HAI were 28.00% and 40.00% respectively;the main in-fection sites were wound and lower respiratory tract,accounting for 60.00% and 30.00% respectively.30 strains of pathogens were isolated from 7 patients with HAI,including 16 strains (53.34%)of gram-negative bacteria,13 strains(43.33%)of gram-positive bacteria,and 1 fungus (3.33% ).Risk factors for HAI were large burned area, high degree of inhalation injury,arteriovenous catheterization,urinary tract catheterization,tracheotomy,use of ventilator,and surgery.Conclusion Incidence of HAI is high in the group burn/trauma patients,corresponding in-tervention measures should be formulated according to the risk factors,so as to reduce the occurrence of HAI.
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Objective To observe the food intolerance of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea(IBS-D) patients and healthy physical examinees and the clinical effect of the treatment of IBS-D food rejectingtrend.Methods Sixty-eight cases IBS-D patients meeting the diagnostic criteria of RomeⅢ were selected and 40 cases of healthy as control group,tested 14 kinds of food specific IgG antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,treated the IBS-D patients with food intolerance for 12 weeks by the application of food rejectingtrend and observed the change of main symptoms.Results Among the 68 cases of IBS-D patients,55 cases had at least one of food intolerance,the positive rate was 80.88%;the control group had 13 cases of food intolerance,the positive rate was 32.50%,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(χ2=25.28,P<0.01).The food with the highest positive rates of two groups were both wheat,egg white/egg yolk,milk and soybean.After 12 weeks of diet treatment,the total score of the symptoms of IBS-D patients decreased from (8.25±2.97) points to (3.13±3.52) points(t=11.107,P<0.01),self scores of the degree 0and frequency of abdominal pain,frequency of diarrhea,degree of abdominal distension,stool shape and general feelings of distress were significantly improved compared with that before treatment(t=12.429,11.016,5.685,5.558,7.681,11.065,P<0.01).Among 54 cases IBS-D patients(1 patient lost to follow-up),61.11%(33/54) significantly improved,24.07%(13/54) improved,14.81%(8/54) invalid,the total effective rate was 85.19%(46/54).Conclusion There is correlation between food intolerance and IBS-D.According to the Results of the detection of food specific IgG antibody,food rejectingtrend treatment can effectively improve the symptoms of IBS-D.
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Purpose To observe the changes of left atrial (LA) structure and function in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency catheter ablation by echocardiography in order to provide basis for clinical evaluation of surgery.Materials and Methods Forty-four patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation in PLA General Hospital from January 2015 to June 2016 were enrolled.According to whether or not to restore sinus rhythm after operation,the patients were divided into sinus rhythm group and atrial fibrillation recurrence group.The paramrters of LA including diameter,maximum and minimum volume,systolic volume,ejection fraction,active ejection fraction,conduit function index and dilatation index were measure by echocardiography before and at least 6 months after radiofrequency catheter ablation.The data were compared between and within groups.Results All patients were followed up for (6.0±0.5) months after ablation operation.29 of 44 patients (66％) maintained sinus rhythm;the anteroposterior,vertical,and left to right diameters of LA in patients with sinus rhythm after operation were significantly lower than those before operation,but the ejection fraction of LA increased (all P＜0.05).However,in patients with atrial fibrillation recurrence after operation,the volume of LA increased (P＜0.05);the diameters of LA did not show significant differences;the ejection and active ejection fraction of LA had significantly decreased (P＜0.05).Compared with patients with sinus rhythm after operation,patients with atrial fibrillation recurrence after operation were older and had higher proportion of hypertension (P＜0.05).Conclusion After ablation,the diameter of LA decreases and the ejection fraction increases in patients with sinus rhythm;the volume of LA increases and the function reduces in patients with atrial fibrillation recurrence.
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Objective To understand healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in group burn/trauma patients,and explore its risk factors.Methods HAI occurred among 25 hospitalized patients with group burn/trauma during a bus deflagration event on May 12,2014 were monitored and analyzed.Results Of 25 burn/trauma patients,7 de-veloped 10 times of HAI,incidence and case incidence of HAI were 28.00% and 40.00% respectively;the main in-fection sites were wound and lower respiratory tract,accounting for 60.00% and 30.00% respectively.30 strains of pathogens were isolated from 7 patients with HAI,including 16 strains (53.34%)of gram-negative bacteria,13 strains(43.33%)of gram-positive bacteria,and 1 fungus (3.33% ).Risk factors for HAI were large burned area, high degree of inhalation injury,arteriovenous catheterization,urinary tract catheterization,tracheotomy,use of ventilator,and surgery.Conclusion Incidence of HAI is high in the group burn/trauma patients,corresponding in-tervention measures should be formulated according to the risk factors,so as to reduce the occurrence of HAI.
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Objective To assess the effects of absorbable biomedical membrane-embedded intrauterine device ( IUD) in prevention of recurrence after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis for severe intrauterine adhesions ( IUA ) .Methods A prospective study was carried out among 125 patients who underwent hysteroscopic adhesiolysis for severe IUA from February 2013 to January 2015.Foley catheter was placed immediately after surgery and removed 7 days later.Then patients were randomly divided into three groups:group A (40 cases) received round IUD insertion after catheter removal;froup B (41 cases) received IUD placement and intrauterine injection of sodium hyaluronate; group C ( 44 cases ) received absorbable biomedical membrane-embedded IUD insertion.All patients received two artificial cycles ( oral estradiol valerate, 9 mg/d) the first day after surgery.Hysteroscopy was carried out two months later to assess the repair of endometrium.Patients who were cured or whose condition was greatly improved received three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound examination in the first natural cycle.Thickness of endometrium, uterine volume and blood flow index were compared.Results Cure rate and effective rate in group C were significantly higher than that in groups B and A [43%(19/44) vs.22%(9/41) and 20%(8/40), χ2 =6.89,P=0.03, 86%(37/44) vs.56%(26/41) and 65%(23/40), χ2 =9.78, P =0.01].The improvement rate of menstruation was higher in group C compared with groups B and A [84%(37/44) vs. 63%(26/41)and 58%(23/40),χ2 =7.73, P=0.02].Average endometrium thickness, uterine volume and blood flow index were also significantly improved in Group C[(8.4 ±1.1) vs.(7.2 ±1.5) and (7.6 ± 1.1) mm, F=5.42,P=0.01,(4.3 ±0.3) vs.(3.9 ±0.4) and (4.0 ±0.6) cm3 ,F=7.12,P=0.00, 28.0 ±4.0 vs.24.6 ±4.7 and 23.4 ±4.0,F =5.40,P =0.01] .No significantly differences were observed between group B and group A in terms of the above indices.Conclusion Insertion of absorbable biomedical membrane embedded-IUD has a good therapeutic effect and can better prevent adhesion recurrence in patients with severe intrauterine adhesion after adhesiolysis.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the value of E/(e'×s) in estimating left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with coronary heart disease by dual Doppler echocardiograph.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-seven consecutive coronary heart disease patients with preserved systolic function underwent echocardiographic study were included. The E, e'and s were obtained by the dual Doppler echocardiography and E/(e'×s), E/e' were calculated. All patients underwent left ventricular catheterization to measure left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The relationship between E/(e'×s), E/e' and LVEDP were analyzed. Patients were divided into normal diastolic function (LVEDP < 12 mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) and diastolic dysfunction group (LVEDP ≥ 12 mmHg) .</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Pearson correlation analysis showed that both E/(e'×s) and E/e' correlated well with LVEDP (r = 0.68 and r = 0.79, both P < 0.01). (2)Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cut-off for E/(e'×s) was 1.2(sensitivity was 80%, specificity was 77%,AUC was 0.85) and for E/e' was 9.2(sensitivity was 74%, specificity was 81%,AUC was 0.87) to predict left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. When combined cut-offs of E/(e'×s) ≥ 1.2 and E/e' ≥ 9.2, the sensitivity and specificity of predicting left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were 83% and 71% respectively, and AUC was 0.87.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>E/(e'×s) can correctly reflect diastolic function status in patients with coronary artery disease. However, combined use of E/(e'×s)and E/e' does not add the prediction value on diastolic dysfunction in this patient cohort.</p>
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coronary Disease , Diagnostic Imaging , Diastole , Echocardiography, Doppler , Methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Diagnostic Imaging , Ventricular Function, Left , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the accuracy of the time interval between the onset of early transmitral flow velocity (E) and that of early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e') (TE-e') measured by dual Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-seven coronary heart disease patients with preserved systolic function underwent a echocardiographic study. Early transmitral flow velocity E and early diastolic mitral annular velocity e' were simultaneously recorded by dual Doppler echocardiography. The E/e' and TE-e' were calculated and compared with the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), which was measured invasively. The validity of TE-e', E/e' and their combination was analyzed in estimating left ventricular dysfunction (LVEDP ≥12 mmHg).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The single-beat E/e' and TE-e' were correlated with the LVEDP (r=0.79 and 0.42, respectively, P<0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that the optimal cut-off for TE-e' was 38 ms (sensitivity 54%, specificity 79%, AUC 0.71) and that for E/e' was 9.2 (sensitivity 74%, specificity 81%, AUC 0.87) for diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The combined cut-offs of TE-e'≥38 ms and E/e'≥9.2 had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 62% in diagnosing left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with an AUC of 0.96.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In patients with coronary heart disease, the simultaneous recording of TE-e' by dual Doppler echocardiography can accurately estimate diastolic dysfunction, and its combination with E/e' can further improve the diagnostic accuracy.</p>
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coronary Disease , Diagnostic Imaging , Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Diagnostic ImagingABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the efficacy of self-made, antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer in the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The self-made molds were used to form the spacer during the operation. From March 2002 to March 2007, 22 patients with infected knee arthroplasty (10 males with 10 knees, 12 females with 12 knees) were treated with this kind of spacer in our center. The mean age of the patients was 59.6 years old (33 to 75 years old). The interval time between primary arthroplasty and first onset of infective syndrome was 6.7 months (1 to 14 months). The diagnosis was established by the clinical presentation,serum laboratory inflammatory markers (white blood cell count,erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein) and knee aspiration. The serum laboratory inflammatory markers were used to measure the systemic response to infection. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was regularly performed by HSS score system and X-ray.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients were followed, the average interval between debridement and reimplantation was 4.7 months (3 to 9 months) and the infection control rate was 100% after the implantation of spacer. The average follow-up duration after reimplantation was 29.8 months (10 to 64 months) and there was no recurrence of infection at the latest follow-up. The HSS score increased from 40.5+/-5.9 to 65.8+/-7.5 after the implantation of spacer, furthermore, the score reached 88.7+/-5.1 in average at the latest follow-up. The patient satisfaction rate was 95.3%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This self-made molds and spacers is a reliable approach for the management of infected knee arthroplasty with some virtues, such as providing a mobile and functional joint through the treatment course, decreasing the difficulty of reimplantation, avoiding of a long-term post-operative infusion and high effective for eradicating infection.</p>
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Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Bone Cements , Debridement , Prosthesis-Related Infections , Therapeutics , ReplantationABSTRACT
In recent years, worldwide surveys of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs have been reported. However, only limited surveys of T. gondii infection in police dogs have been available, including China. In the present study, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii in police dogs in Shenyang, northeastern China. Sera from 291 police dogs were examined for T. gondii antibodies with the modified agglutination test (MAT), and 30.9% animals were tested seropositive. The results of the present study indicated a relatively high prevalence of T. gondii infection in police dogs in Shenyang, China.
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Animals , Dogs , Female , Male , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , China/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To measure lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene level in foods commonly consumed in Beijing, and compare the content difference between raw and cooked food.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-six commonly consumed foods of 8 classes were collected in Haidian district of Beijing from September to October in 2009. A high performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine the content of lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene in both raw and cooked samples.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Lutein was abundant in cucurbitaceous and solanaceous, allium and nuts, especially in Chinese chive (18 226.9 µg/100 g) and pumpkin (13 265.2 µg/100 g). Major sources of zeaxanthin included round pumpkin, green garlic shoot, corn and eggs, whose level of zeaxanthin were 444.6, 283.5, 279.7, 118.6 - 377.9 µg/100 g, respectively. Zeaxanthin level of those cooked foods changed to 483.9, 239.3, 279.1, 149.5 - 594.7 µg/100 g, respectively. The zeaxanthin level of cooked Chinese chive reached 1081.2 µg/100 g, while we did not detect any zeaxanthin in raw Chinese chive. β-carotene was present in a wide variety of vegetables and fruits. Carrot (17 234.3 µg/100 g) was a good source of β-carotene, while its level in cooked carrot was 17 013.5 µg/100 g.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Consuming the proper kinds of foods and changing the method of food processing were beneficial to increase the intake of lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene.</p>
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China , Cooking , Food , Food Analysis , Lutein , Xanthophylls , Zeaxanthins , beta CaroteneABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Microfracture is a type of bone marrow stimulation in arthroscopic cartilage repair. However, the overall concentration of the mesenchymal stem cells is quite low and declines with age, and in the end the lesion is filled by fibrocartilage. The aim of this research was to investigate a novel method of enhancing microfracture by determining whether low-energy shock waves in microfracture holes would facilitate cartilage repair in a rabbit model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Full-thickness cartilage defects were created at the medial femoral condyle of 36 mature New Zealand white rabbits without penetrating subchondral bone. The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. In experimental group A, low-energy shock-wave therapy was performed in microfracture holes (diameter, 1 mm) at an energy flux density (EFD) of 0.095 mJ/mm² and 200 impulses by DolorClast Master (Electro Medical Systems SA, Switzerland) microprobe (diameter, 0.8 mm). In experimental group B, microfracture was performed alone. The untreated rabbits served as a control group. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the operations, repair tissues at the defects were analyzed stereologically, histologically, and immunohistochemically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The defects were filled gradually with repair tissues in experimental groups A and B, and no repair tissues had formed in the control group at 12 weeks. Repair tissues in experimental group A contained more chondrocytes, proteoglycans, and collagen type II than those in experimental group B. In experimental group B, fibrous tissues had formed at the defects at 8 and 12 weeks. Histological analysis of experimental group A showed a better Wakitani score (P < 0.05) than in experimental group B at 8 and 12 weeks after the operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In the repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits, low-energy shock waves in microfracture holes facilitated the production of hyaline-like cartilage repair tissues more than microfracture alone. This model demonstrates a new method of improving microfracture and applying shock waves in vivo. However, longer-term outcomes require further study.</p>
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Animals , Female , Male , Rabbits , Cartilage, Articular , Wounds and Injuries , Radiation Effects , Radiation, Nonionizing , Random Allocation , Wound Healing , Radiation EffectsABSTRACT
Objective To compare the condition of illness and pathological characteristics of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)in C57 BL/6 mouse models induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55)at different doses,and provide a reliable animal model for further study of multiple sclerosis(MS).Methods Male SPF-grade C57 BL/6 mice were divided randomly into four groups:normal group and three EAE model groups (MOG35-55 high-dose,middle-dose and low-dose model groups).200,100,50μg MOG35-55/mice were mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA),respectively,to prepare complete antigen in different concentrations.The mice were anesthetized and injected s.c.over flanks with the complete antigen and injected i.P.with pertussis toxin to establish immunization-induced C57BL/6 mouse-model of EAE.The mice of the normal group were injected with normal saline instead.Since the day of immunization,the incidence,body weight and neurological score of the mice were observed.The mice of different neurological scores in different periods were anesthetized and perfused with saline and followed by 4% paraformaldehyde.The brain and spinal cord of the mice were removed and fixed in the same fixative solution.The brains and spinal cords of the mice were examined by histopathology with hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining.The mice on the 40th day were sacrificed and perfused with 2% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde, 1 mm~3 pieces of cerebral white matter and intumescentia lumbalis of the spinal cord were taken and ultrathin sections were prepared according to conventional techniques for electron microscopy. Results All the MOG_(35-55) in three different doses induced mouse models of EAE. The disease was with an incidence rate of 100% and a chronic monophasic course. The body weight of the mice in the three groups decreased obviously compared with those in the normal group. The maximum value of neurological score was 1.33,2.25 and 2.50 in the mice of high-, middle-and low-dose groups, respectively. The major histopathological changes observed in the brain and spinal cord of the EAE mice were different degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration around small vessels showing sleeve-like changes, dcmyelination and neuronal karyopyknosis in the acute and remission stages. The main site of the brain inflammation was in white matter around encephalocoele, and also in the DG and CA zones of hippocampus. The spinal cord inflammation was most severe in the lumbosacral region. The above mentioned pathological changes in the low-dose group were more prominent than those in the middle-dose and high-dose groups. The major ultrastructural changes were scattered around encephalocoele, interstitial edema, especially around small blood vessels, and swollen mitochondria with damaged cristae, and some karyopyknosis in vascular endothelial cells. Some tight junctions were blurred. Some dispersed lymphocytes and mononuclear cells were seen in the perivascular space. In lumbar intumescentia of the spinal cord, there were some myelin figures in the white matter myelin sheath. Some of them showed demyelization and structurtal fusion. The cytoplasmic organelles of axons were considerably reduced or even disappeared. The vascular basement membrane showed an increased thickness and focal necrosis in some areas. Conclusion The mouse models of immune-induced EAE are successfully established with MOG_(35-55), especially that induced with MOG in a dose of 50 μg. This mouse model is stable, with a high incidence and low mortality rate, and can be applied for EAE research in the future.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the protective effects of total rhizoma panacis japonica saponins (tRPJS) on cerebral ischemia injury in rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The rat model of local cerebral ischemia by using thread method, produced the chronic forebrain ischemic by using the permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries in rats. Investigating the influence of tRPJS on the activity of NOS and iNOS in hippocampus region.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>tRPJS obviously reduced the contents of NOS and iNOS in hippocampus region of local cerebral ischemia rat tRPJS inhibited the increase of iNOS content caused by pemanent ligation of bilateral carotid artery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>tRPJS has significantly protective effects by virtue of decreasing iNOS.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Brain Ischemia , Drug Therapy , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Hippocampus , Metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase , Metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Saponins , PharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide meaningful reference for the improvement of full-time clinical pharmacists' ability.METHODS: According to clinical practices,the experience of author engaging in clinical pharmacy was introduced.RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Clinical pharmacists should take a correct attitude and practice their profession as best as they could,based on the professional orientation.Scientific research should be linked with problem settlement to promote the growth of clinical pharmacists.